About half of the layoffs took place in the construction materials and capital goods industries.
Were these responsible for peculiar labor market phenomena like layoffs and the reluctance of employers to reduce wages?
With the former, layoffs are likely to consist of predominantly low-quality firm-worker matches, whereas with the latter, both high- and low-quality matches may be involved.
With the sharp rise in layoffs in the early 1930s the chances of re-employment declined for all the unemployed.
Older workers are often targeted for layoffs, sometimes with redundancy packages.
Traditional mechanisms of adjustment (limiting layoffs to non-core sectors, transfer of the lowest value-added sectors overseas) have proved inadequate to the crisis.
Central to these reforms was the legalization of layoffs for 'managerial reasons'.
Apart from legalizing layoffs, the labour 'dispatch' system was introduced.
Demand collapsed and prices plummeted, resulting in massive layoffs, short-time working, cuts in piece rates and widespread, unsuccessful industrial unrest.
Arsenals experienced severe labor shortages among skilled workers because of voluntary quits, layoffs, and involuntary separations.
Voters in these areas may well, and rationally, anticipate layoffs as the transition continues, even in privatized firms.
The major limitation of this programme is that it has been restricted to designated layoffs in particular regions where local employment difficulties have attracted political attention from provincial governments.
Thus, trade unions are concerned with and often struggle against cuts in consumer subsidies, price rises, reductions in wages and allowances, layoffs, and government interference in union affairs.
Such perspective, later labeled 'globalism' by critiques, were politically consequential that it soon became widely cited to justify some less favored governmental policies (deregulation) and corporate decisions (outsourcing and layoffs).
In addition, they are afraid of their employ security from this enormous layoff.
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